Introduction
When visiting another country and taking our electronic goods we may find ourselves checking plugs and voltage, looking for an adaptor and trying to avoid blowing a fuse. Neil and Georgina talk about how electrical systems differ from country to country and teach you related vocabulary along the way.
This week's question
Who discovered electricity? Was it:
a) Thomas Edison
b) Alexander Graham Bell, or
c) Benjamin Franklin
Listen to the programme to find out the answer.
Vocabulary
frequency
how often something repeats; electrical current frequency is the number of times a wave repeats a positive-to-negative cycle
synchronous
occurring together at the same time, place or rate
a bit of a pickle
informal expression meaning a difficult situation with no obvious answer
charge up
get the power needed to work; recharge
anomalies
differences from what is usual or expected
solid state
electronics using semiconductors which have no moving parts and can automatically convert different electrical currents
Transcript
Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript
Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.
Georgina
And I’m Georgina.
Neil
Now, Georgina, what do you know about AC DC?
Georgina
You mean the Australian rock’n’roll band? Well, their 1979 hit ‘Highway to Hell’ stayed at No.1 for eleven weeks…
Neil
No, no, no - not that AC DC, Georgina! I’m not talking rock music here, I’m talking electrical currents – alternating current - AC, and direct current - DC, the two ways in which electricity flows.
Georgina
Oh, I see. No, I don’t know anything about that ACDC!
Neil
Well, don’t worry because in today’s programme we’ll be finding out some quirky facts about electricity - how it differs across the world and why some countries have more complicated electrical systems than others.
Georgina
Hmmm, I have noticed that when I travel to another country I need a converter plug to connect my laptop. Is that something to do with AC DC?
Neil
Yes, it could be. Of course, electricity itself doesn’t change from country to country.
Georgina
No. It’s an invisible, natural force at work in everything from lightning storms to the electrical sparks firing our brains.
Neil
But although it happens naturally, one scientist was credited with discovering electricity. Who? That’s my quiz question – who discovered electricity? Was it:
a) Thomas Edison
b) Alexander Graham Bell, or
c) Benjamin Franklin
Georgina
I’m not a qualified electrician myself, Neil, but I’ll say c) Benjamin Franklin.
Neil
OK. Well one person who definitely is a qualified electrician is BBC presenter Gareth Mitchell. So when BBC Radio 4’s ‘Science Stories’ sent him to meet electricity expert Keith Bell, the conversation was, shall we say, sparky.
Keith Bell
Standard frequency in the US is 60 hertz, actually I think in the US on the mainland US, main continent, there are three different synchronous areas. So although it’s around 60 hertz, at any moment in time these three different areas, because they’re not connected to each other, will be going at a slightly different frequency. There are bigger differences elsewhere. So in Japan for example, I think one of the main islands is at 60 hertz and the other half of Japan is at 50 hertz.
Gareth Mitchell
That’s a bit of a pickle!
Neil
Generally speaking, frequency means how often something repeats. In the case of electrical currents, frequency is the number of times an electrical wave repeats a positive-to-negative cycle.
Georgina
It’s measured in hertz (Hz). In the US power is at 60 hertz and in the UK it’s around 50 hertz.
Neil
So the US and UK are not in the same synchronous area – not occurring together at the same time and rate, or in this case, frequency.
Georgina
Which means that to safely use a British electrical device in America, I need to convert the power supply. If not it won’t work or even worse, it could break.
Neil
And a broken laptop could leave you in a bit of a pickle – an informal expression meaning a difficult situation with no obvious answer. Here’s Gareth and Keith again talking about more differences.
Gareth Mitchell
I’m pretty sure when I go to the United States, my electric toothbrush doesn’t charge up at 60 hertz - 110 volts, but my laptop still works. Maybe you have no comment, Keith, but I’m just saying…one of these anomalies that I seem to have found.
Keith Bell
So, I’m not sure about the electric toothbrush but I know a lot of our power supplies for laptops and stuff are solid state, you know - they’ve got electronics in that do all the conversion for you, so basically it ends up with a DC supply into the machine itself. So there’s a little converter in there and it’s designed so it doesn’t care what frequency the AC input is.
Neil
Gareth noticed that in the United States his toothbrush doesn’t always fully charge up – get the power needed to make it work.
Georgina
Electric toothbrushes which don’t fully charge and differences between electrical frequencies are good examples of anomalies – things which are different from what is usual or expected.
Neil
But with modern technology these anomalies are becoming less and less commonplace. For example, computer companies have started making laptops with solid state electronics – electronics using semiconductors which have no moving parts and can automatically convert different electrical currents.
Georgina
Meaning I can use my laptop to google the answer to your quiz question!
Neil
Ah, yes. I asked you which scientist was credited with discovering electricity. And you said?
Georgina
c) Benjamin Franklin – and I already know I’m right because I googled it on my solid state laptop! To show that lightning was electricity, Franklin attached a metal key to a kite and flew it during a thunderstorm. The key conducted electricity and gave him a shock!
Neil
Hmm, not an experiment I recommend trying at home! Today we’ve been talking about anomalies – or unexpected differences in electrical currents between countries.
Georgina
Electrical currents are measured in frequencies – the number of times a wave repeats a positive-to-negative cycle. These can be different if two countries are not synchronous – occurring at the same rate, for example Britain and the United States.
Neil
Different frequencies may mean your electrical devices like your laptop, phone and toothbrush won’t properly charge up – get the power to function, in other countries.
Georgina
And having a phone with no power could leave you in a bit of a pickle - a difficult situation.
Neil
Fortunately many modern devices use solid state electronics – non-moving semiconductors inside the machine which automatically convert the electrical current.
Georgina
So you’ll never miss another edition of 6 Minute English again!
Neil
That’s all for today. See you soon at BBC Learning English for more interesting topics and related vocabulary. Bye for now!
Georgina
Bye!